The removal of carbon dioxide from water,
is a term called “decarbonation” and it relates to the process of stripping and removing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from water. You will hear the term decarbonation used quite often in industrial water treatment and in high-purity water treatment. Carbon dioxide along with other elements like nitrogen and oxygen is also removed during the decarbonation process. Most gas air stripping such as decarbonation is based upon “Henry’s Law” but the removal of carbon dioxide is an exception to Henry’s Law because when water contains carbon dioxide it forms carbonic acid which can ionize into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.
Bicarbonate ions are not bound by the rules of Henry’s Law and therefore the bicarbonate ions when formed are only slightly removed through the aeration or decarbonation process. The Carbon dioxide that remains in the water that does not form into bicarbonate can be removed by the decarbonation or aeration process. This type of carbon dioxide is called “uncombined” CO2.
There are many other variables that impact the ability to remove carbon dioxide (C02)
In the decarbonation industrial water treatment process and several extremely important factors are the alkalinity, pH, and temperature of the water. The water's ability to neutralize acids is the simple definition of the term alkalinity. However, the number of substances in the water such as carbonate, bicarbonate, borate, silicate, and phosphate levels that define alkalinity greatly impact the efficiency of the decarbonation process and its results. The pH of the water affects the equilibrium between carbon dioxide and the other elements in the water such as bicarbonate ions and for that reason, the proper pH must be maintained in order to successfully remove the carbon dioxide.
When the pH of the water is at 4.5 or below all of the carbon dioxide in the water is in a dissolved gas phase and can be removed through decarbonation with very high efficiencies like 99-100%. However when the pH approaches a level of 8.5 all of the carbon dioxide is ionized and is difficult to remove.
Decarbonators provide a method to atomize the water
by using controlled film and impingement which increases the surface area of the water and exposes the carbon dioxide gas to the airflow that is passing in an opposite direction. The air that passes through and over the water droplets that are constantly being reshaped has a relatively low partial pressure and concentration of carbon dioxide (i.e., atmospheric concentration) relative to that of the carbon dioxide that is dissolved in the water. Based upon Henry's Law, this is why the CO2 gas is liberated and stripped from the water containing a higher concentration of carbon dioxide.
When producing high-purity water the megohms of the water
must be 10 or higher to meet the normal standards applied. Because carbon dioxide ionizes in the water and forms hydrogen and because the hydrogen then ionizes to form hydronium ions and also bicarbonate ions it will decrease the resistivity of the water. This is why it is often required to utilize a deionizer with an anion resin bed to remove the bicarbonate ions and other dissolved anions in the water. If the water alkalinity levels are high it will create high levels of carbon dioxide to form as the water is passed through a cation resin bed and this will add additional load burden to the anion resin system and capacity. This is why when a two-bed Anion and cation resin system are used it is standard practice to utilize a decarbonation tower after the cation resin bed to remove the carbon dioxide and extend the life and regeneration cycle of the anion resin bed. This same process of decarbonation is used for demineralizers and for reverse osmosis systems and can be used upstream and downstream of a cation resin bed system. The other variables that will impact the life of the anion and cation resins will be the percentage of alkalinity and other solids that are dissolved in the water.
To design an effective decarbonation tower it is important to consider all of the variables and key elements of a decarbonator or degasifier. First, there is the distribution system and distributors are all not made alike. Some utilize weirs and others utilize tray types. At DeLoach Industries we have tested all types of distributors and we utilize our custom-designed highly efficient “header latter” with nozzle systems. These types of distribution systems in the DeLoach decarbonator towers provide an increase in CO2 removal yield prior to making contact with the media bed surface. This is one of the reasons DeLoach Industries Decarbonators and degasifiers outperform all other brands on the market because we have focused on understanding the maximization of water atomizing for gas removal.
The other key elements are the method of controlling water channeling within the tower, the media support plat and the role it plays on airflow and hydraulic load, the DeLoach Industries patent pending air resister system that directs and prevents air from leaving in the effluent water system, and of course the air blower and air vane direction assembly that is designed for maximum velocity to impact the water flow in a counter-current method. All of these key items should always be considered when designing and more importantly selecting a decarbonator, degasifier, or even a chemical or biological scrubber manufacturer. Click to learn more about Industrial Water Treatment.
For more information or to learn more contact the professionals at DeLoach Industries Inc. at (941) 371-4995.