Water demineralization is also called deionization and is a process known as “Ion Exchange.”
In simple terms, water demineralization is “Water Purification.” The process involves removing dissolved ionic mineral solids from a feed-water process, typically for “Industrial” water applications. Still, it can also be utilized to remove dissolved solids from a water process for “Aquaculture,” “Food and Beverage,” and the “Municipal” markets.
Why is demineralization utilized? It can remove dissolved solids to near distilled water quality at a much lower capital and operational cost than other treatment processes such as membrane softening (Reverse Osmosis). Demineralization applies the science known as “Ion Exchange,” which attracts negative and positive charged ions and allows either to attach themselves to a negative ion depending on their respective current negative or positive charge during what is known as a resin cycle. In other technical articles, we will explore and go into more specific details on the science of the ion exchange process. Water that has dissolved salts and minerals has ions, either negatively charged ions known as “Anions” or positively charged ions known as “Cations.” To treat the water and remove these contaminants, the ions in the water are attracted to counter-ions, which have a negative charge. In a demineralization treatment process, there are pressure vessels that hold resin beads which are typically made of plastic. The beads are made from a plastic material with an ionic functional group that allows them to hold and maintain an electrostatic electrical charge. Some of these resin groups are negatively charged, referred to as “Anion” resins, while others hold a positive charge and are called “Cations” resins.
There are different applications to apply Ion exchange technologies, which is why you will often hear different terminology interchanged like deionization and demineralization. The raw water quality and the specific application will dictate the type of ion exchange process needed. For example, if the water contains a high level of hardness, the water will most likely contain Ca2+ or Mg2+ dissolved solids possessing a positive charge. To replace these hard ions, it is typical to utilize a resin bed with a salt ion like Na+. As the water passes over the resin bead material within the pressure vessel. The hard ions are replaced with the salt ion; therefore, all the hardness within the water is removed. However, the water will now contain a higher concentration of sodium ions, and this must be considered during the evaluation and selection process of the type of resin material to utilize for the specific application. If the water application requires high purity and the removal of as many solids as possible, then the term or process selected is referred to as demineralization.
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Topics:
water treatment issues,
water quality,
degasification,
pH levels of water,
water treatment,
water distribution system,
advanced treatment solutions,
water plant,
hydrogen sulfide (H2S),
media packing,
Decarbonation,
ION Exchange Resin,
decarbonator,
degasifier,
RO system,
H2S Degasifier,
Aquaculture,
degassed water,
Co2 ph,
removal of CO2 from water,
Deagasification,
decarbonation of water,
hydrogen ion,
particulate matter,
municipal water systems,
industrial facilities,
automated control systems,
Ion exchange,
cations,
anions
In water treatment, it is often required to remove small particulate matter from the raw water.
One of the most cost-effective ways to accomplish this is with a pressure filter. Sometimes referred to as “sand filters,” a pressure filter consists of a rigid filter vessel capable of withstanding internal pressure, combined with pipework to distribute and collect water and one or multiple types of filter media. Pressure filters are commonly used in municipal water systems, industrial facilities, residential well water systems, and swimming pools. Typical pressure filter construction is shown below:
At the top of the filter vessel, a distributor is used to break up and distribute the water flow so that there are no concentrated flow jets that stir up the media bed. Inflow distributors are usually oriented to direct flow at the top of the vessel to disperse the flow further. Below the distributor is the primary filter bed. The filter bed contains fine-grained media, most often sand, including crushed anthracite coal, activated charcoal, garnet, or other granular bulk products. The media bed is the thickest layer in the filter vessel and is the region that does the actual filtering of the water or other fluid. Below the media bed will be one or more support layers. These will usually be larger-sized gravel that is chosen to support the filter bed while allowing high flow through the support layer and into the outflow header. The outflow header can take several forms but is often composed of a large central pipe with multiple smaller pipes or “laterals” attached. The laterals are slotted or perforated. This allows the pressurized water to flow into the laterals and out through the outflow header into the downstream components of the water treatment system.
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Topics:
particulate matter,
filters,
Pressure filter,
Sand filters,
Filter Media,
municipal water systems,
industrial facilities,
residential well water systems,
greensand,
DeLoach Industries, Inc.,
backwash,
automated control systems,
actuated valves,
pump controls
In water treatment systems it is often important to measure the rate at which water is flowing through the system. Data from flow measurement devices can be used to control chemical dosing, set pump speeds, control filter loading rates, inform maintenance programs, and other tasks necessary for the operation of a water treatment facility or on key components such as Degasification and Decarbonation systems or Biological Odor Control Systems. As with most types of instrumentation, there is an array of technologies that can be used for the task, each one with various strengths and optimal applications. For modern electronically controlled systems, the most common types of flow sensors used are axial turbine flowmeters, paddlewheel flowmeters, differential pressure/orifice plate flow transducers, and magnetic flowmeters. This article will briefly discuss the technology and features of each of these types.
A turbine flow meter,
consists of a tube that contains supports to hold a multi-bladed metal turbine in the center. The turbine is designed to have close clearance to the walls of the tubing such that nearly all of the water is made to flow through the turbine blades as it travels through the pipe. The turbine is supported on finely finished bearings so that the turbine will spin freely even under very low flows. As the turbine spins, a magnetic pickup located outside of the flowmeter housing is used to sense the tips of the turbine blade spinning past the pickup. An amplifier/transmitter is then used to amplify the pulses and either transmit them directly or convert the pulse frequency into an analog signal that is then sent to a programmable controller for further use elsewhere in the system. One advantage of a turbine flowmeter is that the electronics are separated from the fluid path. The magnetic pickup is the only electronic component, and it is installed outside of the turbine housing, reading the presence of the turbine blade tips through the wall of the sensor body. In clean water applications, this can be advantageous because the magnetic pickup can be replaced if needed without removing the turbine from service. However, the turbine itself covers most of the pipe area and creates back pressure in the system, requiring increased pumping energy to move a given amount of water. In Industrial Water Treatment or Filtration Treatment, turbines can also easily become fouled or jammed if they are used to measure water or other fluids with entrained solids, algae or bacteria cultures which cause significant accumulation, or corrosive chemical components that can degrade the turbine bearings.
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Topics:
water quality,
water treatment,
advanced treatment solutions,
About DeLoach Industries,
water plant,
pumps,
Alkalinity,
Safe drinking water,
wastewater,
Recycling,
pharmaceutical water,
Aqua Farming,
Aquaculture,
Pipe Size,
municipal water systems,
industrial facilities,
DeLoach Industries, Inc.,
actuated valves,
pump controls,
Drinking Water,
Clean Water,
Water Test,
Water Test Kit,
DeLoach Industries,
civil engineers
A wide range of electric pumps, blowers, compressors, and material conveying equipment are used in water treatment facilities—whether municipal, industrial, aquaculture, or pisciculture. Despite their varied applications, they all share a common requirement: the need for an electric motor to deliver the torque and energy necessary to drive the equipment and fulfill its intended function.
One of the most common questions asked or considered during the design phase of the water treatment process is what type of motor enclosure should be selected. There are 7
types of motor enclosures that are available and defined by NEMA standards MG1-1.25 through MG 1.27. The final decision should be driven by the all of demands that the application will have placed upon it.
The selection of the type of motor enclosure can be a difficult choice.
If the application is for a process like Reverse Osmosis, Degasification, or Decarbonation, it is important to consider the efficiency of the motor and what the motor will be exposed to during its operating life cycle. We will briefly review each of the 7 different types that NEMA defines for motor enclosure types.
The ODP (open drip proof) is one of the most common types of enclosures.
The enclosure is open and vented at the back end of the motor and allows air to circulate in and around the motor windings carrying off heat. The ODP motor is designed to prevent liquid from entering the motor at a 15-degree angle based on the vertical alignment. ODP motors are normally utilized at water treatment facilities or aquaculture facilities where they will not be exposed to corrosive conditions such as HVAC systems.
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Topics:
water treatment,
water distribution system,
advanced treatment solutions,
About DeLoach Industries,
water plant,
motors,
pumps,
municipal water systems
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Topics:
water treatment issues,
water quality,
pH levels of water,
aeration,
water treatment,
advanced treatment solutions,
fiberglass,
About DeLoach Industries,
fabrication,
biological scrubber,
Chemical Odor,
media packing,
pH levels,
Decarbonation,
De-Aeration,
decarbonator,
boiler system,
distillation,
degasifier,
RO system,
H2S Degasifier,
Fish Farming,
Aquaculture,
Pisciculture,
Biological Odor Control Scrubber,
Biological odor control,
removal of CO2 from water,
Deagasification,
decarbonation of water,
Sand filters,
Filter Media,
municipal water systems,
greensand,
DeLoach Industries, Inc.,
Drinking Water
